Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Proposal Example In addition, this means that it has to involve the teachers in such a manner that the teachers are able to engage in the science practices in a much more detailed level. As a background to this, knowledge and skill in scientific inquiry has been a fundamental reform movement in science education according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Various documents, such as the 2012 National Research Council publication on Framework for K-12 Science Education identifies the various major scientific concepts and principles that a student is expected to grasp by the end of high school. Consequently, this forms the basis upon which the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) is structured. Therefore, the NGSS seeks to better engage students in the learning process consequently facilitating their more active exploration of the core scientific ideas and theories. Proper scientific understanding highlights the level of impact that the education system has had on an individual. These include essential knowledge and skills such as the possession of the ability to formulate scientific hypotheses, produce explanations, design and conduct experiments, gather and analyze data, and the general ability to communicate and reflect about the findings. Enabling all this calls for the teachers involved to have specific skills particularly geared towards the successful teaching of science to generate scientific knowledge. This forms the basis for the NRC framework that idealizes the development of a scientific-based approach among teachers to emphasize the practice of skills in addition to just acquiring them. This calls for teachers to engage in scientific enquiry practices such as asking questions, developing and using models, planning and carrying out investigations, analyzing and interpreting data, using mathematics and computational thinking, constructing explanations, engaging in argument from evidence, and obtaining, evaluating, and

Art history - compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art history - compare and contrast - Essay Example and Khafre’s Pyramid bear much similarity in terms of form and construction, they are actually quite different in terms of the function and context in which they were constructed. A major similarity between the Nanna Ziggurat and Khafre’s Pyramid lies in the fact that they are basically large pyramid structures. The Nanna Ziggurat has a stepped pyramid form with a rectangular base of 205 feet by 141 feet and rising an imposing 70 feet high. It was constructed of mud bricks and bore three staircases that all led to an entrance at the top. Its platform walls sloped outwards and it is thought that the Sumerian architects behind the idea designed it this way to prevent erosion of the pavement that was also constructed of mud bricks (Stokstad and Cothren 36). Khafre’s Pyramid was a large construction, with a square base of about 704 feet and rising to about 471 feet. It had a slant height of about 568 feet at an angle of 53Â °. This is of particular note since the architects had to get each angle and length measurement correctly for each stone to fit properly. The building blocks themselves were cut out of stone and weighed about 2.5 tons each. Whil e it would have been quite difficult to raise the stones to the pyramid’s height, the Egyptians adeptly used roller logs to place each piece in its place (Stokstad and Cothren 57). The other similarity between the two monuments is that they were both constructed during periods of great influence and civilization among the peoples of each kingdom. The people of the Old Egyptian Kingdom had developed systems of writing and schools, architecture, farming, labor practice and law and Khafre’s Pyramid was built during a period of social and political stability and prosperity. The kingdom’s Kings at the time were deemed half-gods who were mummified in the pyramids after death. In a similar fashion, the Sumerians had developed farming practice, writing, medicine, sailing, governance and religion. Although the

Uk Chocolate Market Analysis Marketing Plan Marketing Essay

Uk Chocolate Market Analysis Marketing Plan Marketing Essay UK chocolate market is considered the 2nd largest market amongst the EU after Germany, with an average consumption between 4kg to 10kg per head. Not only UK is among greatest chocolate consumers in EU but also holds highest share on sales of confectionery market since 2003. Average annual growth rates in last few years in chocolate market show an increasing trend in volume sales reaching  £4.83bn, and expected to reach up to 684,000 tons till end of 2010, growing at rate of 2.4%. The changing consumer purchase patterns towards how products are produced in terms of their impact on environment and health are considered factors on which future market growth of chocolate will be depending on. For this reason the confectionery and chocolate market has started struggling due to the lobby created by healthy eating, health conscious community. The organic chocolate market is thus becoming the recent trend for consumers because of the increasing awareness of the economic and environmental concerns surrounding cocoa production. These changes are well monitored by market players whose response towards these changes is evident from entering of organic companies into chocolate market and big conventional manufacturers investments in the processing of organic chocolates. Yet, although organic chocolate markets expected to grow at exceptional growth rates, the sector is still niche market when compared to the conventional and possess very little share in the total chocolate market. Moreover, with the squeeze on disposable incomes, an increased focus on price, the buy one get one free offers have been replaced with special price, multibuy and round-pound type deals. Continuous innovations in rival sectors such as biscuits and cakes etc are offering tough challenges for chocolate market. The outlook for the market still remains positive, but chocolate brands need strong effort in terms of providing customers with high value and healthy products. The major players of Chocolate in UK market fighting neck to neck in the battle of market share are Cadbury Kraft, combined market share of around 40%, after Cadburys takeover by Kraft. Mars, market share of 15% and turnover of more than 9.6 billion pounds Nestle Kitkat, market share of 20.4% Green Blacks, market share of around 5 % in conventional and more than 90% share in organic chocolate market For the information regarding the current trends in UK chocolate market , it is evident that the focus of communities are now towards healthy eating for which they now are conscious as of what ingredients are their products made up of. Thus if a company desires to enter chocolate market in such demanding trends where customers have full range of variety to choose from the safest path to choose will be organic chocolate market. This would be safer in that sense that as trends of people are shifting from only fun and enjoyment food towards healthy safe food, soon it is expected that the conventional market leaders will also be converting existing brands to organic and natural ingredients used products. Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning For this section statistic data about consumer attitude towards chocolate in UK by age, sex, social grade etc is required. This data is available in Keynote market research report to which there is no access from here. However , I have tried my best to broadly describe the target segment but still as per requirement of the instructor, detailed data figures are required. The organic chocolate market is considered amongst those popular opportunities which have been derived by changing consumer trends and liking towards healthier and environmentally safer food items, specifically the focus on use of healthier and environmentally safer ingredients. Consumers driving growth According to a market research demand for organic food items including organic chocolate is spread across the social spectrum, including workers, pensioners, students and people on benefits, and accounts for almost 33% of their total spending. For the purpose of our organic chocolate segment a significant portion of worker and student class will be our main target market segment. Descriptive Data For Organic chocolate market segment, as a new entrant our target market would include working class and students. The total population of UK is divided into following age group segments: For our organic chocolate segment, we would target population ranging from year 10 to 44. This would account for almost 48% of the total population of UK , obviously the whole 48% will not be part of our target market as organic chocolate is a niche of conventional chocolate market, our working and student class will be covered in these age group description. So as an estimate organic chocolate demand can be expected from 40% of the 48% target population. Socio-demographic Description The segment aimed as target segment will be people living in North West of England. This is so as we are initially introducing our product in test market covering NW of England only. Target customers will be in age group of year 10 to approximately 44. Children below 10 are essentially not part of our target segment because it requires awareness to choose healthy food items for which reason children above year 10 are selected. The age limit selected till 44 is for the reason that above this age group most people are suffering from heart and diabetic deceases thus for them at a later stage diet or low sugar items shall be introduced. Target segment will be constituting of students and working class. Psychographic/behavioral Description Our chosen segment is people with health conscious attitudes and preference towards safe and healthy food. This segment has awareness about environmental issues also and thus do not have wild fun loving lifestyle but a graceful lifestyle with healthy and enjoyable eating patterns. Positioning The current segmentation in UK chocolate market described in view of a perceptual map is shown below: Thus we will be positioning our product in high quality depicting its healthy making nut that much high price. It will be positioned similar to milk tray shown above in figure but bit higher in quality. Product Specification and Branding Strategy There are already few very popular organic chocolate brands in UK including Green and Blacks which holds a very significant share in organic chocolate market. Thus the introduction of our organic chocolate brand needs some cutting edge or competitive advantage over others. We will introduce this difference with providing our organic chocolate lovers a variety of combinations and natural healthy flavors in our chocolate products. First of all, our brand choco naturals will be classified in three ranges targeting three set of places with different usage style. Organic chocolate bars After dinner mints items Organic chocolate gift boxes The basic composition and ingredients of all three variety of our brand will be almost same, i.e. Dark Chocolate dark bitter chocolate made from 70% organic cocoa solids, brown cane sugar, vanilla and soya lecithin Semisweet Chocolate- organic sugar, organic chocolate, organic cocoa butter, organic flavors, milk fat and soya lecithin White Chocolate- no cocoa solids, but organic cocoa butter, sugar, vanilla and milk On this basic organic composition of our brand the cutting edge would be its natural and healthy flavoring and combo mixing of white and dark chocolates. The conventional choco bars available in market have introduced all kind of variety including nuts, wafers, biscuits etc, but as our brand is providing its customers with chocolate that is good for health also we will enhance their flavor and appetite by mixing fruit chunks in our brands and good cholesterol nuts i.e. almonds and walnuts. Moreover providing combo mixing of dark and white chocolate will deliver chocolate lovers taste of two in one and with added advantage of health benefits of dark chocolate. Our products will be offered in following sizes and weights Organic chocolate bars Initially as we are introducing our brand in test market we will only supply bars in 2 sizes i.e. 50g bar and 100g bar After dinner mint items These will be offered in round balls 100 g each to popular hotels and restaurants to serve their customers as after dinner items and will be provided with fruit chunks and combo variety explained above Organic chocolate gift items For our test market this will also be provided in two sizes i.e. 1 lb and 1  ½ lb box packing As the specialty of this brand of chocolate lies in it being healthier, close to nature and for those who have high concern for health and environment , we will have high focus of packaging choco naturals_ chocolates in an environmentally friendly rappers which are biodegradable packaging and have zero waste components. Our three line of products will be properly labeled describing components and all details regarding calories, fats etc. As the brand has high insistence on being organic, the design of packaging of chocolates will show the making of chocolate from most natural and organic ingredients through its color and style creating a warm connection with those who love being close to nature, adding value for them. Developing Brand Personality As an introductory brand it is one of the most important responsibilities of us to define our brand and portraying its strengths which meet all standards set by the market. These include the consistency in taste and quality delivered etc. When developing brand identity consistent delivery of the value must match promises made to target customers. The logo, mark, theme line, and look and feel as part of choco naturals identity will create a recognition in the minds of our target customers and will make them remember choco naturals. As choco naturals_ chocolates are made from fully organic ingredients with an added combination of natural fruit chunks that enhance the product benefits, the logo will depict such closeness to nature, health and taste. Similarly the mark and theme line will deliver same identity of the product. Creating brand identity begins with having a clear idea of target customers. When a customer decides which brand they prefer to buy they have many considerations in mind including its price , quality, benefits but the final thing which eventually wins is the brands identity created in the mind of the customer. This if carefully developed, as in our case that choco naturals chocolates reflects the attributes and preferences of its target customers will make choco naturals chocolate win over other conventional brands. choco naturals chocolates will be developed as a sophisticated brand which is aimed as providing taste with health. Pricing Strategy and Price Strategy to opt: Of the many pricing strategies, for choco naturals chocolates, four strategies are of value. These are Competition based pricing Market oriented pricing Premium pricing Psychological pricing We will chose a combination of market oriented and psychological pricing. Premium pricing could also be opted but as our target market also includes students and worker class, it might create a luxury brand image which might effect the closeness we want our brand to develop with target customers. Similarly competition based pricing method would have also been a very safe strategy but for having an added value, we choose market oriented pricing which is based on analysis and research of target customers and on those prices if the effect of psychological pricing is also added it is expected to create more value for our products. Pricing objectives: Purpose of choosing this combination of pricing strategy is to provide such a price to the customers which is not too high to loose connection from target customers and not too low that can portray the brand as a low standard brand. The objective is to set such a price that can portray our target customers the essence of the organic image our brand portrays i.e. natural. In terms of sales, this strategy for pricing is expected to create a healthy market share in organic chocolate market at a good pace and constant increase in level of sales and profit. The positioning of this brand will also support this pricing strategy. Recommended Price: Organic Chocolate Bar 100g  £2.95 50g  £ 1.95 After dinner mints Pack of 4 round balls 100g each for  £6.95 Organic chocolate Gift boxes ( combo mix of dark white and multi flavored fruit chunks) 1 lb  £19.95 1  ½ lb  £ 29.95 Retail Distribution Strategy As we are introducing 3 categories in organic chocolate brand, the distribution will to 3 different type of outlets. These are: Organic Chocolate bars Large super stores and coffee and tea cafes After dinner mints Three to five star Hotels Organic Chocolate gift boxes Large super stores As initially we are introducing our brand in test market, choco naturals chocolate will be available in stores, cafes and hotels in north west of England mainly. The super stores which will sale our products include Sainburys super market Ltd, having 5 outlets in NEW Tesco, having 9 outlets in NWE Woo Sand super market, having 1 outlet in NWE ASDA Stores Ltd, having 6 stores in NWE WM Morrison supermarkets, having 6 stores in NWE The selective Hotels in which we would initially supply our after dinner mints will be some three to five star hotels with good reputations so that association of our brand with such names can deliver positive impression of our brand to the segment of our target market visiting those hotels. These include: Holiday Inn Hard Days Night Hotel Beech Mount Hotel Feathers Hotel Trout Beck Inn Hotel Park House Hotel We will be opting selective distribution strategy to make our products available to our target market. The product will not be massively available as we initially want to access response from test market and moreover the sophistication of our product might get distracted if it gets available in each and every store. Thus at start selective supermarkets, hotels and cafes will offer our products to customers so that the brand may create its image with the help of the image of the places these are available at. Our products will not be available at web based distribution sources as it initially requires to develop a status in local market and then be available at global level. Integrated Marketing Communications Strategy The integrated marketing strategy we have planned for our product is hitting the market segment in North West in selective ways. We are not going for the guerilla marketing tactics because its high quality product and market is not very wide. We have to introduce the product and usually the products in the early stages of their Product life cycle need careful tactics for marketing and advertising because profit margins are lower therefore selective media should be used instead of using the short gun approach. The main objective behind our campaign is to introduce our product and its benefits along with creating brand identity. We will focus our attention in the initial phase of the campaign to create awareness about our product in the native market (North West of England). In this phase we will tell our customers about the value we will deliver. In the second phase of our campaign we will emphasize on promotion and advertisement of our brand. First phase would help us to identify again the interested segment so in the second phase we will scrutinize and promote to our potential valuable customers. For promoting our brand we are not using all the tools of integrated marketing communication strategy which are advertising, sales promotions, direct marketing, website and public relations). We are going to use only advertising, direct marketing and we will create our website as well. For advertising we will select the print and electronic media for print media we will only advertise in best selling food journals and news-letters of Northwest. For electronic media we make a 45sec. advertisement. We will use celebrity endorsement in our advertisement. The celebrity we will use would be environmentalist and heads of NGOs promoting nature friendly products. We will air our ads on food based local channels for the middle aged women and men and music and music based and entertainment channels for youngsters slots would be prime time. We would go for cooperative advertisement. We will not go for sales promotions because its a high quality product and sales promotions would give a negative impact. For direct selling we will hire a team which would convince the customers. Our customers for after dinner mints would be owners of famous cafes and restaurants. In initial days we will use mall intercepts in large super stores and departmental stores offering organic products. Public relations is mostly done for service sector so it wont make any significant impact here but in later stages when there would be larger sales volume then we will introduce PR for our premium customers. In later stages we will also conduct seminars for creating awareness of organic food but in initial phase profit margins are too low. We would create a website for promotion but not for sale because customers are very conscious in trying a new product and for a product like chocolate it wont work at all. In maturation phase when customer response would be good we may go for online dealing. So in our IMC our focus in print media would be on chocolate bars, in electronic media it would be more on gift items. And in direct selling we would promote after dinner mints and gift items but the whole campaign would promote the brand.

who was right :: essays papers

who was right When white men crossed the boundary of the Missouri River, it upset the balance between the pioneers and the red men. Obviously the red men were not happy and lashed out against their white oppressors. Many just saw savages, but much of the American army saw courage and honor. Was it right for members of the army who had just maintained the union of their own society, to dismember the culture of the Native Americans? I believe it was. First of all, the army did not enjoy having to push the Indians back from the lands that the white people wanted, but then they also had to try and convert them to Christianity. The Indians retaliated against the army, but it was the United States government itself that broke the treaties that promised the Indians land and then expected the army to keep the peace through mutual trust. Military action appeared to be the only way to keep white civilians from complaining about Indian attacks on the white man's newly acquired land. An Army official named Sheridan received reports each week about the horrendous acts of violence caused by the red man. It was then that famous phrase was created "the only good Indians I ever saw were dead." There were many men like Sheridan who hated the Indians and looked down upon their senseless acts of violence. However, men like William Tecumseh Sherman had a deep respect and admiration for the enemy and his fighting skill. In fact, both Sheridan and Sherman confessed to pity and compassion for the Native Americans they had set out to destroy. Even men like General Nelson A. Miles who had personal reasons for revenge against the enemy showed a deep respect, almost reverence, for the red man. Colonel John Gibbon proclaimed that the record of white hostility and treachery would force any man to fight. Gibbon raised more questions about his own culture than he answered about his enemies. To many soldiers who had the same ideals as Gibbon, the courage and bearing of the red man suggested a purer way of life before the coming of the white men. Some men like General George Crook became more of an Indian than some Apaches. Crook's argument about the Indian violence was that their nature is responsive to treatment which assures him that it is based upon justice, truth, honesty, and common sense.

High School Dropouts Essay

High school dropouts — a growing problem in our society, or is it? After hearing about dropouts heading back to school to receive a diploma on the local news, I often wonder what they were missing out on. I mean, does a dropout really need to head back only to solve a quadratic equation or to write an five paragraph essay on The American Revolution? I’m willing to bet that more than half of parents who’ve graduated from high school don’t even know how to solve a quadratic equation or how The American Revolution came about. It’s really annoying to witness activates telling students to stay in school when some of the activates themselves could not accomplish high school level work. This is why I personally believe that a diploma is nothing more than a piece of paper. Much of society is too focused on whether a person obtained a high school diploma rather than one’s real intellect. That piece of paper determines whether you’re qualified to get a job, which is real disturbing to me since high school level work does not give you work experience. I myself being a high school graduate had somewhat of a difficult time in my first year of college. I’m nineteen years old and I’m sure that I can speak for some people on that. If high school really prepares a student, then why is college considered a challenge? Why are we learning math, history, English, and etc. in college if we’ve already taken the same classes in high school? For example, college algebra is exactly the same as Algebra I & II in high school. When put in perspective, it’s obvious why people regurgitate the same stuff again in college; it’s because high school lacks in preparing a student for the real world. I mean, when you head to college, you have to take at least two years of classes that you’ve already taken in high school before you actually get into your major. Does that itself make a statement that education in high school lacks of doing a good job? I personally think of it like that. This is why it bothers me when a job determines whether a person has a high school diploma, because in reality, many high school graduates have the same intuition as some high school dropouts. In the end, I believe society is too focused on a high school diploma rather than someone’s intelligence. I understand that it’s natural for us to forget some of the material we’ve learned in high school. However, why is it that jobs are more focused on a diploma that was obtained decades ago rather than someone’s current intellect? Why does a dropout really need to head back to school to make it in this world? High school does not prepare you for a certain job. Work experience prepares you for a job. Many high school graduates who apply for a job must gain a certain level of job experience before working anyway. Many of the jobs that require a high school level education can easily be done by a high school dropout. If society can focus less on a trivial diploma and put for attention on one’s ability, then I think this country would be much smarter.

Art of the Western World Essay

The chosen work is a statue of Dionysos leaning on a female figure. This is a Roman copy of the original 4th century B. C. Greek statue. The statue is entitled â€Å"Hope Dionysos† after its former owner, Thomas Philip Hope. It was a Gift of The Frederick W. Richmond Foundation. The original statue was made of bronze and it is not certain if the woman was included. It is believed that it may have been added to the Roman copy for support. The artist depicts Dionysos, god of wine and divine intoxication. This statue stands at 82   inches and is made of marble. Its composition is arranged in a compact matter, with much 3-D texture in the body and intricate attention to detail. Dionysos is standing in contrapposto, which is a prevalent technique in Ancient Greek sculpture to achieve a life-like representation of the human body through the shifting of weight. He has massive limbs, with calves that are very muscular and large in comparison to the rest of his body. The arms are also very large and the forearms, very muscular. His fingers are thick and slightly bent attempting to make fists. This exaggeration of the large size and contour detail of Dionysos’ body represents his high power and great strength. Dionysos posses idealized features, providing evidence of a god. It is apparent that the statue is essentially of the period of Classical Greece, but contains evidence of Rome through the use of clothing. This blend of culture portrays the strong relationship between the artwork of Greece and Rome. The ideal statues of Greece were essentially nude and created to display mans intention to be strong in nature. Even clothed, this intention to recognize strength is achieved. The representation of strength is supported essentially through his clothing. Dionysos wears the skin of a panther around his upper body. The head is tied around his waist and the paw hangs over his right shoulder. He is not holding a weapon, which represents the ability to overcome even the most dangerous animal simply with his own power. Under the animal skin, Dionysos wears a fluted chiton. This is a form of clothing worn during the time of Ancient Greece. On his feet, high laced sandals are worn. This is evidence that Dionysos is a god in the body of a man, with features that can far surpass any man. The clothing worn is of the time period of Ancient Greece but is Roman in style as it is depicted in the sculpture. The head of Dionysos is somewhat smaller in scale compared to the rest of his body. It can be seen that the head is from another statue through the seam located on the neck. His face is very smooth with few contour lines and he is appearing to be gazing downward. Dionysos further portrays idealized qualities through his long hair that cascades onto his shoulders in curls. He also wears a crown of ivy leaves on his head which is worn by Olympians. The use of the leaves represents Dionysos’ athleticism and reference to Greek culture. Dionysos is seen leaning on an archaistic female figure that is suspected to have been added for structural support. In The archaistic maiden represents Spes, who is the personification of hope. This is ironic due to the name of the statue, Hope Dionysos. The female is much smaller in size than Dionysos, which provides evidence to the use of hierarchy of scale in Ancient Greek sculpture. Even when standing on a block of stone, the woman is much smaller, indicating that women are of less power than man. Despite this concept, the female appears to be the guiding force of Dionysos, possessing some underlying control over his actions and personality. The reference of her purpose to support can extend to an emotional and psychological level. It is as if she is a protector of him and her external projection of purity is depicted in his demeanor. The female is firmly grasping a single flower in one hand, which may represent her virginity and expression of purity that will not be tainted. This can also be related to the representation of Spes, who is usually depicted holding a flower. Hope is present in the flower and is the source of the female’s divine wisdom. The female’s other hand is holding up her dress to expose her bare feet. Wearing sandals in Roman art indicates becoming a part of the human world, yet the female is not wearing any sandals. This illustrates that the she is the divine power possessed by Dionysos as a god. Her dress can reveal some shape to her body, but she is standing very rigid and upright compared to the stance of Dionysos. This confirms that the female figure is of an earlier time period in Ancient Greece than the statue of Dionysos. This idea contributes to her value of wisdom achieved through her experience. Indication of the varying time periods of the figures is found in their hairstyles, as the female wears a bonnet and tight spiral curls. She also possesses a rounded face and displays the Archaic smile. The statues are connected as the fluted drapery of Dionysos’ toga drapes over the head of the female with his arm extending outward. His hand is raised and clenched as if he could be holding a glass about to give a toast. This idea can be supported because Dionysos is god of wine and divine intoxication; therefore it would be appropriate for him to be personified holding a glass of wine. He may be giving a toast based on the idea of hope for man to be strong during a time of rebuilding in Ancient Greece. These figures together make a statement to display the power of the world of Ancient Greece achieved through belief in the gods. This statue gives viewers a unique perspective on the power of the gods by providing an explanation as to how Dionysos achieved his divinity. His association with the personification of hope is portrayed in the work both physically and spiritually. Association with the gods played active role in the society of Ancient Greece and consumed the artwork of this time.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold

Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold Gold is an element that was known to ancient man and has always been prized for its color. It was used as jewelry in prehistoric times, alchemists spent their lives trying to transmute other metals into gold, and it is still one of the most prized metals.   Gold  Basics Atomic Number: 79Symbol: AuAtomic Weight: 196.9665Discovery: known since prehistoric timeElectron Configuration: [Xe]6s14f145d10Word Origin: Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold; meaning gold - also Latin aurum, shining dawnIsotopes: There are 36 known isotopes of gold ranging from Au-170 to Au-205. There is only one stable isotope of gold: Au-197. Gold-198, with a half-life of 2.7 days, has been used to treat cancer and other illnesses. Gold  Physical Data Density (g/cc): 19.3Melting Point ( °K): 1337.58Boiling Point ( °K): 3080Appearance: soft, malleable, yellow metalAtomic Radius (pm): 146Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 10.2Covalent Radius (pm): 134Ionic Radius: 85 (3e) 137 (1e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.129Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 12.68Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): ~340Debye Temperature ( °K): 170.00Pauling Negativity Number: 2.54First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 889.3Oxidation States: 3, 1. The oxidation states -1, 2 and 5 exist but are rare.Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.080Specific Gravity (20 °C): 18.88CAS Registry Number: 7440-57-5 Properties In mass, gold is a yellow-colored metal, although it may be black, ruby, or purple when finely divided. Gold is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is not affected by exposure to air or to most reagents. It is inert and a good reflector of infrared radiation. Gold is usually alloyed to increase its strength. Pure gold is measured in troy weight, but when gold is alloyed with other metals the term karat is used to express the amount of gold present. Common Uses for Gold Gold is used in coinage and is the standard for many monetary systems. It  is used for jewelry, dental work, plating, and reflectors. Chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) is used in photography for toning silver images. Disodium aurothiomalate, administered intramuscularly, is a treatment for arthritis. Where Gold Is Found   Gold is found as the free metal and in tellurides. It is widely distributed and almost always associated with pyrite or quartz. Gold is found in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold occurs in sea water in the amount of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location of the sample. Gold Trivia Gold is one of the few elements that can be found in its native state.Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal. One ounce of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2 or stretched into a wire 2000 kilometers long (1 ÃŽ ¼m thick).The melting point of gold is an assigned value, which serves as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scale and International Practical Temperature Scale.The gold ion in the 1 oxidation state (Au(I)) is called the aurous ion.The gold ion in the 3 oxidation state (Au(III)3) is called the auric ion.Compounds containing gold in the -1 oxidation state are called aurides. (Cesium and rubidium can form auride compounds)Gold is one of the noble metals. Noble metal is an alchemical term for metals that do not corrode under normal conditions.Gold is the seventh most dense metal.Metallic gold has no odor or taste.Gold has been used as jewelry since prehistoric times. Today, gold in jewelry is not pure gold. Jewelry gold is made of many different gold alloys . Gold is resistant to most acids. The acid aqua regia is used to dissolve gold.Elemental gold metal is considered non-toxic and occasionally used as a food additive.Transmuting lead into gold was one of the major gold of the alchemists. Modern nuclear chemists have found methods to accomplish this historic task.​ References   Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

Facts and Key Figures in the Battle of Gettysburg

Facts and Key Figures in the Battle of Gettysburg Dates July 1-3, 1863 Location Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Key Individuals Involved in the Battle of Gettysburg Union: Major General George G. Meade Confederate: General Robert E. Lee Outcome Union Victory, with 51,000 casualties total. Of those, 28,000 were Confederate soldiers. Overview of the Battle General Robert E. Lee had succeeded at the Battle of Chancellorsville and decided to push north in his Gettysburg campaign. He met the Union forces in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Lee concentrated his armys full strength against Major General George G. Meade’s Army of the Potomac at the Gettysburg crossroads. On July 1, Lees forces moved on the Union forces in the town from both the west and the north. This drove the Union defenders through the streets of the city to Cemetery Hill. During the night, reinforcements arrived for both sides of the battle. On July 2, struck the Lee attempted to surround the Union army. First, he sent Longstreets and Hills divisions to strike the Union left flank at the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, the  Wheatfield, and the Round Tops. He then sent Ewells divisions against the Union right flank at Culp’s and East Cemetery Hills. By evening, the Union forces still held  Little Round Top  and had repulsed most of Ewell’s forces. During the morning of July 3, the Union struck back and were able to drive the Confederate infantry from their last toe-hold on Culp’s Hill. That  afternoon, after a short artillery bombardment, Lee decided to push the attack on the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. The Pickett-Pettigrew assault (more popularly, Pickett’s Charge) briefly struck through the Union line but was quickly repulsed with severe casualties. At the same time, Stuart’s cavalry tried to gain the Union rear, but his forces were also repulsed. On July 4, Lee began withdrawing his army toward Williamsport on the Potomac River. His train of wounded stretched more than fourteen miles. Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg is seen as the turning point of the war. General Lee had  attempted and failed to invade the North. This was a move designed to remove pressure from Virginia and possibly emerge victorious so as to quickly end the war. The failure of Pickett’s Charge was the sign of the Souths loss. This loss for the Confederates was demoralizing. General Lee would never attempt another invasion of the North to this degree.

The 10 most common job interviewsâ€and how to rock them

The 10 most common job interviews- and how to rock them When you schedule an interview for a new job, you pretty much know what you need to work on: body language, your handshake, and your resume-based anecdotes. That’s it, right? You’re ready to go? Not so fast†¦the type of interview you’re facing can add a whole new level of prep and consideration. When you think â€Å"interview,† you might get an image of the traditional sit-down between you and a hiring manager, but in reality, there are lots of different kinds of interviews that might come up in your job search. It’s important to have a game plan for each kind. Let’s look at these interview types, and what you need to know to ace them.The Classic InterviewThis is the traditional sit-down interview where you go to the hiring company to discuss a specific job opening, and meet with either someone from HR or the person who will be your new boss. This is by far the most common interview type out there.What you need to know: You should be rea dy to field any question, from basic questions about yourself, your professional history, and your resume to more abstract questions about how you would approach the job. The best prep you can do for a classic interview is to make sure you have stories ready to go for all aspects of your resume, examples you can give to illustrate your skills and strengths.This type of job interview is also all about rules and tradition. Make sure you dress well, and are scrupulously on time.The Informational InterviewThis one might be a stretch as a â€Å"job interview,† but you might come across it in your job hunt, especially if you’re just starting out. In an informational interview, you reach out to someone in your target industry or at your target company to get more information about it. You’re the one asking most of the questions, and it’s not attached to hiring for a specific job opening. Informational job interviews are typically networking opportunities.What yo u need to know: Because you’re the one setting up the interview and driving the conversation, it’s important to come up with a list of questions or goal topics you want to discuss. If you need an icebreaker, ask the person to tell you a little bit about their role at the company, and what they like about their job.The Phone InterviewThe phone interview is often the first stop on the job interview trail. It may be done by necessity if you’re far from the interviewing company, but most often it’s a preliminary interview done by HR or a recruiter to see if they want to bring you in for a next-round interview. The questions are often general, as the interviewer is trying to get a preliminary sense of your qualifications.What you need to know: The best part about a phone interview is that while you’ll need to be â€Å"on† verbally, you can actually do it in your pajamas. Seriously, though, a phone interview has one very great advantage: you can h ave all sorts of notes in front of you, like an annotated version of your resume, or an outline of the talking points you want to hit. You can also work on your speaking style, which is the phone interview equivalent of working on your body language for a traditional interview.The Skype InterviewThe Skype interview (or other video chat interview) is kind of like phone interview 2.0. It’s used for remote interviews, particularly if you’re interviewing for a remote job or a job for which you’d need to move. The Skype interview may be a preliminary check to see if you’ll be brought in for an in-person interview later.What you need to know: The interviewer can see you, so you need to dress and act like you’re in a regular interview. The dress code may not be quite as formal, but- no pajamas. Business casual at a minimum. And you should pick a location that is private and quiet. That means no Starbucks, and make sure any rowdy pets or housemates are ens conced quietly somewhere else (bribes are always appropriate here).  The Job Fair InterviewJob fair interviews are on-the-spot interviews that take place at a mass job fair held by a particular company, or by a school or organization. These can feel a bit impersonal, as the interviewer might be seeing dozens of other people about a particular job opening, but don’t be intimidated. In a job fair interview, you need to be prepared to make a good impression very quickly. You may only have 10 minutes or so to let them know you’re the right one for the job, so speed and efficiency are key.What you need to know: Have your elevator pitch airtight and ready to go. You will likely not have the time to develop a nuanced conversation with the interviewer, so it’s important to have him or her know up front who you are and what your best qualifications are.The Behavioral InterviewA behavioral interview is an interview where you’re asked about how you handled things in the past, or would handle specific situations. It’s basically a scenario interview, where you’re supposed to talk through the process and logic. A behavioral interview (which might be mixed in with more traditional interview questions about your skills and qualifications) is designed to test your problem solving skills, and probe a little deeper into your resume beyond the bullet points on the paper.What you need to know: You can’t really anticipate what exact questions you’ll be asked, but the job description can be helpful. For each job description bullet, come up with a specific anecdote from your past about a time you faced something similar, and how you handled it. Try to have similar stories in mind for your resume bullet points as well.The Puzzle/Case InterviewIn this kind of interview, you’re given specific information and asked to solve a problem. In the business world, you might get a real-world problem like â€Å"how can Pepsi take m arket share from Coke?† In other contexts (tech companies like Google love puzzle interviews), you might get a tricky word or math problem to solve, like â€Å"how many venti coffees can fit in a 10-gallon drum?† It may be something realistic, or absurd- either way, the point is the journey you take to get there, not necessarily the answer.What you need to know: You can’t do much specific prep for this kind of interview, unfortunately. There’s no way to know the specifics of what you’ll be asked to do/quantify/theorize. For case interviews, you’ll be using your general business logic skills, so don’t get too bogged down in the details of the case.The Lunch InterviewLunch is social. A lunch interview, however, is a professional occasion. Don’t get sucked in by the apparent informality of eating with your potential future colleagues, even though this is usually a more conversational kind of interview. It’s typically a way f or the hiring manager to see what you’re like outside of the interview hot seat.What you need to know: Keep it professional. That’s not to say you should avoid the small talk, but be wary of the kind of personal details you discuss. Although you won’t have your resume in front of you next to your plate, try to keep in mind the same kinds of professional points you highlighted in your traditional interview. And even if others are drinking alcohol at lunch, definitely abstain- you want to stay sharp, and it’s never really appropriate to drink in an interview. There’s plenty of time for work happy hours later.The Group InterviewMany candidates go in to a group interview, but very few may come out holding that job offer. It looks a bit like the Hunger Games. It feels like the Hunger Games, if you’re one of the group. This format is common for sales jobs, or jobs or internships that are hiring multiple people at once. It’s an efficiency th ing, and it also lets the interviewing company see how well people do with group dynamics. The most important thing to remember here is that although you’ll be sharing the spotlight with others, the standard interview rules still apply when it comes to staying on topic (your own qualifications) and behaving professionally.What you need to know: The other people in your group are not your enemies, so focus on outshining them instead of sandbagging them. Pay attention to what they say and how their responses are received by the interviewers, because you might pick up tips on how to adapt or phrase your own answers. And slagging other people (even subtly) likely won’t get you very far in this interview format, so being confident and friendly is the mode you want to choose. After all, the interviewer is picking you to be a member of a team, and they need to know that you can play well with others.The Panel InterviewThis one sounds ominous, doesn’t it? The word †Å"panel† conjures up images like congressional hearings, or (more dramatically) firing squads. In reality, it’s often a time-saver for the hiring company, allowing them to condense several different interviewers into one interview slot. Or maybe the job calls for you to work with different teams, and it makes sense to present a cohesive front in the interview. Whatever the case may be, don’t fear the panel interview. You’ll be answering the same kinds of questions as a standard job interview, just to a few different faces.What you need to know: Each interviewer will likely have a different personality and style, so make sure you’re responding in kind. Make sure you give equal attention to each person in the interview, and be sure to get everyone’s name so you can follow up later with thank yous.The Working InterviewThe working interview is often a late-stage interview, or an interview for a job where it’s important to see how youâ€⠄¢ll perform on the job. You may be given a physical task (like in engineering) or asked to make a sales pitch. It’s a live demo of your resume skills, basically.What you need to know: Like with behavioral and puzzle interviews, the most important thing to do is to stay calm, think through your task, and perform it to the best of your abilities without overthinking it. You may feel a little self-conscious, but it’s likely that the interviewer will understand that.No matter what type of job interview you’ll be facing, there are three things you should always do:Be confident. You’re bringing a great package of skills and accomplishments, so own it!Send a thank you note after the interview. Even if you talked with someone very briefly, make sure they know you appreciate the time they took to meet with you.Be professional. Even when the format is more casual (like a lunch interview), remember that you’re auditioning to be an employee, not a buddy.The m ore you know about the types of interviews you may come across in your job hunt, the better prepared you’ll be. â€Å"Deer in headlights† isn’t a good look on anyone, and you want to make sure that you’re meeting each interview situation with confidence, grace, and the knowledge that you have what it takes to get the job.

ADVANCED TAX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ADVANCED TAX - Essay Example One of the strategies the couple can use to reduce the tax amount of the capital gain expected is to time carefully the disposal of the shares to fall into diverse tax years and take advantage of annual exemptions in each year (King & Carey, 2014). This strategy has the potential of reducing significantly the amount of tax that the couple will pay for the capital gain accumulated from the sale of the shares. This is because capital gains less than  £10,600 per annum are not taxed on individuals (Mclaughlin, 2013). Thus, the couple can spread the sale of the shares in seven different periods to ensure the capital gains fall in different years. This will ensure the capital gains accumulated are exempted from taxation. The capital gain that will be realized if the disposal is timed in seven different periods will be ( £68,000/ 7 =  £9,714.286). This capital gain is below  £10,600 per annum that will allow the gain to be exempted from taxation completely. Similarly, the shares can held under individual savings account (ISA) that will ensure the CGT liability is exempted from capital gains accumulated after disposal of the shares (King & Carey, 2014). Currently, the maximum value of shares that can be held under the ISA is  £11,520 for tax year 2013/14 (HMRC, 2013). Thus, the couple can hold  £11,520 of the  £12,000 share value to exempt the capital gain from these shares from capital gain tax liability. This implies that only ( £11,520/  £1.50 = 7,680) share of the 8,000 will be held under the ISA. Thus, the capital gain that will be accumulated from the extra shares held outside ISA will be as computed below. Another strategy Bob can use to reduce the tax amount liability from the disposal of the shares is transferring the shares prior to ensuing disposal to his wife Isobel. This is because share transfers between civil partners do not carry gain or loss

Gangs and gang behavior - week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Gangs and gang behavior - week 5 - Essay Example disruptive conduct disorders before entry into school system (Kalb &Loeber, 2003) and, according to Loeber and Farrington (2001), these problems develop later during growth. The later theory is backed by Vaughn and colleagues (2009), who argue that children become more exposed to an array of risks during the elementary period and onward and also argue that children get more vulnerable to bad peer influences outdoor. In other cases, some theories do not highlight other potential causes of this problem of gang involvement, for example, Loeber, Farrington and Petechuk (2003) including Tremblay (2003) discover that concentrated disadvantages obstruct socialization of juveniles. Loeber and Farrington (2001) talk about relevant family variables present at the preschool level, low social resources and a number of family hitches inclusive. On another account, Pogarsky, Lizotte and Thornberry (2003) identified broken families, parental delinquency, poor child management, abuse, grave matrimonial conflicts and inexperienced young motherhood. With regards to the above, it is vivid to see that other theories actually forget to put into account other relevant factors. In another analysis, theories contend for example Kroneman, Loeber and Hipwell (2004) who strongly assimilate societal poverty with behavioral problem and specifically girls, Hipwell (2002) as well as Wei (2005) make a conclusion regarding the same theory highlighting girls become the most affected in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Some factors are common across all the four developmental stages as well as the theories, therefore, this means that a single theory can be developed out of all the theories with respect to the developmental stages of a

Preliminary Organizational Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Preliminary Organizational Analysis - Essay Example In regard to the production situation, the department’s performance constantly remains under the scrutiny of the strategies department plus the ministry in charge. In the last quarter performance indicator survey, the department had trouble attaining the earlier set goals and objectives plus submitting their reports. The few staff members whined of responsibilities getting distributed unfairly. In fact, some of the workers concurred toiling more than others thereby emanating in unequal work pressure distribution (Jenster & Hussey 32). Some employees in the department possessed inadequate skills plus qualifications to work there. Furthermore, all the staff possessed the same job title, but with no specific job descriptions. Moreover, they too had problems in identifying the individual who possessed the official documents relevant to their department, thereby contributing to disorganization while trying to accomplish certain tasks due to missing documents. Furthermore, coordinat ion and harmonization among the staff became poor over time since some thought were superior to others. In addition, some repudiated orders directed to them by their fellow staff members, and only confounded to those directed to them by their seniors (Jenster & Hussey 54). ... Since the various committees had set goals and objectives, the boss left his deputy in charge of the various initiatives to be commenced. The deputy decided to oversee the initiatives by himself and took the responsibilities of planning, follow up and supervision (Jenster & Hussey 68). Analysis of the situation The strategies department and the Ministry of Internal Security in emphasizing more on timely delivery of performance reports from the various police stations, the department received immense pressure (Jenster & Hussey 46). Accordingly, by the police boss getting involved in various committees meant he had less time to establish a detailed organizational structure for the department plus prepare job descriptions for each staff. Moreover, in having less time, meant that during the end of every quarter when the strategic department came to collect performance reports, denotes he avoided accountability. For him, as long as the administration department achieved its goals and obje ctives as per the performance records, meant there existed no administrative problem. In addition, by the police boss lacking a personal secretary contributed to him having less time for his department due to poor time management, leading to poor communication between the boss and the staff (Jenster & Hussey 83). In relation to the committees, by the deputy police boss taking all responsibilities in the initiatives put forth, contributed to him too becoming busy to care for the staff problems. The employees in not knowing their job descriptions resulted to a lot of confusion in the department, but the police boss could not solve it due to his tight schedule. The staff in having poor coordination and harmonization at work affected

Argument against sexual harassment policies Essay

Argument against sexual harassment policies - Essay Example Therefore, the following discussion aims at highlighting various incidences that advocate for the abolishment of sexual harassment policies. Men and women interact on a daily basis as they attend to their day-to-day activities. These interactions help them to form relations that make the world a better place to live in as they develop close ties. Given that men and women are sexual beings, it follows that they also get attracted to each other sexually. Consequent to these, either party could make sexual advances to the other party. Such sexual advances help in establishing relationships that may go bad, or succeed, hence benefit both parties. All human beings possess the freedom of speech. They have the right to express themselves based on their independent opinion. Learning institutions, for example, serve as places where lecturers pass on valuable information to their students. Therefore, expression of such information in a manner that may result in a sexually intimidating environment should not be seen as illegal. Regarding such an environment as sexually harassing may hinder the development of valuable information, leading to a sterile learning environment. Consequent to these, sexual harassment policies ought to be abolished, thus allow the free flow of information. Offensive behavior ought to be clear to any party involved, as well as the third parties involved in the situation. Such clarity allows the concerned parties to have an informed perception of the behavior in question. However, sexual harassment constitutes a lot of ambiguity. It constitutes of several interpretations, depending on the people concerned (Tinkler, 2008). People at times use their own values and beliefs to determine whether an act qualifies as sexual harassment. The different cultures that people come from also differentiate what people regard as sexual harassment. An environment, for

Economic Downturn Hits Oz clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Economic Downturn Hits Oz clothing - Essay Example The focus in this paper is on Oz clothing, a manufacturer of clothing in Australia that is facing serious threats to their operation in the business due a variety of internal problems and also due to the policies incorporated by the Australian government. The organization cannot withstand the competition from the foreign competitors in the market and is facing a threat for existence. The Industrial relations and the practice maintained by the organization were poor in nature and are adding up to the resistance in the process of revival. The importance of Industrial relation has been highlighted over here and efforts have been made to identify that how the success of various elements and process in the organization depends on the proper alignment to the Industrial relations. The impact of the policies of Industrial relation on the employees helps to have a clear understanding on the motivation of the employees. The employees and the laborers of the organization are a prime part and co ntribute a lot to the organizational success. The organizations should provide proper care and maintain their responsibility towards them by framing policies in line with the industrial relations. The overall problems of OZ clothing can be segregated into two factors, internal and external. The internal factors denote the set of issues which are present within the organization and prevent the organization to reach its desired goals, and the external influences are the factors outside the organization which prevents the cause of the organization. ... The primary reason for the failure of the organization can be contributed to lower productivity which has occurred due to the adoption of obsolete technologies used by the firm. As a result of the use of the obsolete technology an overall increase in the price of the products per unit is also increasing. The company is facing serious issues with the process of manufacturing. The increase in cost of the manufacturing is also associated with the high amount of labor costs. The process of effective utilization of labor is absent in the company and thus labor has emerged to be a factor of high cost for the company. The skills of the labors in the production department are also under question. The organization also faces serious issues with the line of products they deliver to the customers. The organization generally deals with underwear as their commodity product. Customers believe that their products are not original and are also not fashionable. In view of the perceptions from the cus tomers; the retailers are canceling the orders of the products. The products are also highly priced than the competitors and it is also acting as a major cause for being unpopular in the market. The product designing team of the organization has not brought any innovation in the design or the quality of the products and has failed to satisfy the needs of the customers. The absence of fashionable products in their product line has also been a major cause for the customers easily falling to the low priced products outsourced from China. The organization also has low source of capital and this further prevents them to opt for the new technologies or look after

Organizational Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organizational Managment - Essay Example In this regard, it has been observed that the organizational change usually brings a change in the quality, cost and satisfaction of the product or service that the organization manufactures or produces, respectively. For instance, Reid et al. (2010) undertook a detailed study of the health care organizations to evaluate the change in the quality, cost and satisfaction in the organization after the incorporation of patient-centric medical home model. The model required that the healthcare policies and regulations should be re-written with the focus on patient care, requirements, needs and wants instead of management’s point of view. As a result, the study showed that after the implementation of the model, the patient’s burnout cases, their experiences at the hospital and the costs of the facility have improved substantially within the lapse of twenty four months since the incorporation. This shows that there is a positive relationship of the cost, quality and satisfacti on of organization and its customers with the organizational change. Reid, R.J., et. al. (2010). The group health medical home at year two: cost savings, higher patient satisfaction, and less burnout for providers. Health Affairs, 29 (5): pp. 835-843. Retrieved 29 July 2012 from

Economic Downturn Hits Oz clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Economic Downturn Hits Oz clothing - Essay Example The focus in this paper is on Oz clothing, a manufacturer of clothing in Australia that is facing serious threats to their operation in the business due a variety of internal problems and also due to the policies incorporated by the Australian government. The organization cannot withstand the competition from the foreign competitors in the market and is facing a threat for existence. The Industrial relations and the practice maintained by the organization were poor in nature and are adding up to the resistance in the process of revival. The importance of Industrial relation has been highlighted over here and efforts have been made to identify that how the success of various elements and process in the organization depends on the proper alignment to the Industrial relations. The impact of the policies of Industrial relation on the employees helps to have a clear understanding on the motivation of the employees. The employees and the laborers of the organization are a prime part and co ntribute a lot to the organizational success. The organizations should provide proper care and maintain their responsibility towards them by framing policies in line with the industrial relations. The overall problems of OZ clothing can be segregated into two factors, internal and external. The internal factors denote the set of issues which are present within the organization and prevent the organization to reach its desired goals, and the external influences are the factors outside the organization which prevents the cause of the organization. ... The primary reason for the failure of the organization can be contributed to lower productivity which has occurred due to the adoption of obsolete technologies used by the firm. As a result of the use of the obsolete technology an overall increase in the price of the products per unit is also increasing. The company is facing serious issues with the process of manufacturing. The increase in cost of the manufacturing is also associated with the high amount of labor costs. The process of effective utilization of labor is absent in the company and thus labor has emerged to be a factor of high cost for the company. The skills of the labors in the production department are also under question. The organization also faces serious issues with the line of products they deliver to the customers. The organization generally deals with underwear as their commodity product. Customers believe that their products are not original and are also not fashionable. In view of the perceptions from the cus tomers; the retailers are canceling the orders of the products. The products are also highly priced than the competitors and it is also acting as a major cause for being unpopular in the market. The product designing team of the organization has not brought any innovation in the design or the quality of the products and has failed to satisfy the needs of the customers. The absence of fashionable products in their product line has also been a major cause for the customers easily falling to the low priced products outsourced from China. The organization also has low source of capital and this further prevents them to opt for the new technologies or look after

Separate Peace Essay Example for Free

Separate Peace Essay Gene has a huge ego. His life revolves around competition. Everyday life is transformed to a constant war with everyone around him. He sees everyone he encounters as his rivals and enemies. He says about sports, â€Å"It was as though football players were really bent on crushing the life out of each other†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦as though even a tennis ball might turn into a bullet†. (Knowles pp. 84) Gene sees matters of life and death in harmless games of sports. Gene is never comfortable with his own identity. He is envious of those who are better than him and treat them as enemies. He grows extremely jealous of Finny for his athletic talents and ability to flout the rules. He cannot bear to feel inferior to anyone, even his friend; they are all his enemies. He is determined to be better than Finny in academics, in order to not feel inferior to Finny. Being the best in academics would equate Gene with Finny, who was best in athletics. Gene imagines that Finny is no less selfish than him and that they both hated each other in their rivalry. He imagines Finny is only pretending to be his friend to sabotage him. Gene interprets all of Finny’s actions as made in rivalry to him. Finny actually thinks of him as his best friend and never saw him as an enemy. Gene’s later discovery that Finny genuinely wants him to do well destroys the balance of his world, in which they both are enemies competing against each other. So Finny is better not only athletically but as a good person. Always feeling inferior, Gene is jealous and envious to the point that a codependent relationship is made possible. Lacking an identity and enviously seeing only Finny’s superior morals and talents, he would give anything to not feel inferior to Finny. Gene is in a position hat he desires Finny’s identity so much that he would enter into a codependent relationship with Finny to obtain his identity. Gene wants the qualities of Finny that he lacks. At the same time, Finny struggles with insecurity after his fall. Having shattered his leg, he cannot help but feel insecure about himself. His identity is shattered by the reality that he can no longer continue being the s tar athlete he was and achieve his dream of being a soldier. Being unable to carry out his dreams in his own physical body, he is forced to carry them out through the medium of Gene as an extension of himself. Throwing himself into a codependent relationship is Finny’s way of ridding himself of his insecurity and living a normal life through Gene. It would be as if the accident had never occurred. Finny needing to live his former life through someone and Gene’s desire to take on Finny’s identity makes way for a codependent relationship to form. Codependency becomes an obstacle to the creation of a separate identity. Finny’s fall provides the perfect time for the codependency to start. Both sides have something they want and can give in return. Gene wants Finny’s identity for the qualities that he admires in Finny but lacks himself. Finny wants to be able to live his life as an athlete through someone who acts as extension of Finny. Gene and Finny can satisfy each other’s desires. Since both people are receiving what they want in a codependent relationship they are content and happy with their life. There is no need to look inwards and examine oneself or improve oneself. After putting on Finny’s pink shirt, Gene says, â€Å"When I looked in the mirror it was no remote aristocrat I had become, no character out of daydreams. I was Phineas, Phineas to the life. I had no idea why this gave me such intense relief, but it seemed, standing there in Finny’s triumphant shirt, that I would never stumble through the confusion of my own character again. † (pp. 62). Gene feels happy that he has completely taken on Finny’s superior identity and escaped from who he is with all his issues. A false feeling of completeness and contentment prevent Gene from forming his own identity. Only after codependency is broken, can an individual identity emerge. Gene and Finny’s codependency is ended after Finny’s sudden death. Gene starts to re-examine himself, his thoughts and his emotions. Finally Gene puts things into perspective (Slethaug). Gene’s life from the start of his friendship with Finny has revolved around Finny. Everything he did, felt, thought about regarded Finny. His goal of becoming best in the class, and his envy were the result of Finny. Finny was the column, the foundation that supported and shaped his life. The foundation crumbles away with Finny’s death and Gene’s life comes crashing down. He can no longer depend on Finny to dictate his emotions, his thoughts and to serve as an idol he must surpass. With Finny gone, Gene now sees the foolishness and illusion he had been living in and the reality of life. He realizes that many of the enemies he had seen were the product of his own fear. He knows that Finny was a genuine and true friend who meant the best for him. Gene realizes that fear of everything had led to his seeing enemies in friends and that it was harmful. He sees that his fear had led him to feel threatened by a fearless Finny and his jealousy. His fear had made him feel that everyone was out to get him. Most importantly this fear had led him to seriously cripple Phineas and in the end led to Finny’s death. His guilt at having had a direct role in Finny’s death leads to him seeing the illogicality of fearing the world, the unknown, the imaginary enemy. He has escaped from his fear of the world, and matured into an adult in the process. Only now when he no longer fears anything or anyone, can Gene focus on himself and forge an identity. Only now when he does not see in everyone some quality that he lacks can he truly sees his own strengths and vulnerabilities and take them lightly. Gene can focus on forging his own identity when he other people’s identities no longer interest him. Phineas teaches Gene that in this world there is more than just evil, and war but also peace and good. Everyone is capable of good and evil. When Gene discovers that he like Finny is capable of good, he can overcome his guilt about his sin and find lasting peace within himself. Gene realizes that his hatred and jealousy is â€Å"something ignorant in the human heart† and is within him and also brings about wars. Only by reconciling himself with the fact of the existence of this evil within him can Gene realize that his own true enemy is not someone like Finny but in fact himself. He knows now that he had been seeing himself in everyone else. By coming to know his evil, he can come to know himself and his own identity. Gene by coming to know this evil within him can understand now the ideas of peace and love and the true value of friendship. Gene says of his time at Devon, â€Å"my war ended before I ever put on a uniform; I was on active duty all my time at school; I killed my enemy there. † (pp. 204) Gene has killed the hate, the evil, the fear within his heart that often causes wars. By killing the fear within him, he has defeated his own private demons. Gene has come to see that this enemy never comes from without, but always from within. He knows, moreover, that there is no defense to be built, only an acceptance and purification of oneself through love. (Ellis) Gene has matured and discovered his own identity after his codependent relationship is forcibly severed. In A Separate Peace, the author first shows how the codependency between Gene and Finny is formed. Later the author shows how Gene finally finds his own identity after the codependency is broken. Works Cited Knowles, John. A Separate Peace.

People Usually Save Some Money

People Usually Save Some Money Chapter 1: Problem and Its Background INTRODUCTION: Savings has always been an important issue for the people to consider. People usually save some money from their income after incurring necessary expenses for the future needs. The cause of saving was not under attention in the developing countries previously, so measures to ask people to save money were very difficult to be taken. But now as time is passing by, youngsters are more into saving money and realize it to be an essential part for transforming their lives more luxurious ahead. Our elders use to tell our youngsters about the importance of money savings and thats the reason some youngsters also prefer saving for their future needs and for other entertainment purpose. But if we ask our elders and parents regarding the youngster saving habits, we generally come to know that they dont pay attention towards savings. And to some extend it is correct. Some of the questions arise here are: Why dont they prefer saving? Do they know the importance of saving? Do we have the right perc eption regarding our youngsters saving habit? In this research we will be finding out our youngsters saving habits, its reasons and its effects. Nowadays the youth is more aware about saving money where social media plays a vital role. Apart from this, due to the recession, parents as well encourage their children to save more and more as expenses are being incurred. Moreover, due to increasing opportunities, youngsters try to save and are well aware as to where they have to spend and where they have to stop themselves. Plus when youngsters move towards savings and are motivated towards it, so they try to adopt different ways to invest their money and for this they usually prefer to open up their bank account which also assists them to create long term relationship with the banks and become their loyal clients. This is the time when it has become our essential responsibility to know the perception of youngsters regarding money saving and what they really think about it and what makes them to save money or spend it. Here I would like to describe the meaning of perception through the definition. According to the business dictionary website, Perception has been defined as The process by which people translate sensory impressions into a coherent and unified view of the world around them. Though necessarily based on the incomplete and unverified information, perception is equated with reality for most practical purposes and guides human behavior in general.1 (Business Dictionary) Perception usually differs from person to person and also affects the behavior of a person. It could be in the favor as well as against the situation. Moreover, perception is defined as the process of interpretation and giving meaning to that interpretation by organizing it.2 (Lindsay and Norman, 1977) From an article regarding the saving practices a person said when he was of the age 18, his parents used to advise him to save money for future from his pocket money3 .They used to bring ceramic pots for saving the cash in it. But now more and more other alternatives have been developed for saving money like UBL Young Savers Account, Bank Al Habib Young Savers Account, and Bank of Punjab Young Lions Account etc. Moreover it not only for the adults, but youngsters even childe of the age two can be benefited with the services of the bank to open up an account for savings. Now a days, progressively more banks are focusing and becoming a centre of attraction in order to enlighten people to save money especially youngsters are being targeted in this regard. Different campaigns are being made for attracting the youth for awareness. Banks like ABL and HBL are among the banks that are motivating the young generation to save money. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The statement of the problem is to know as to what the perception of youngsters is towards savings. What they really think about it whether beneficial or not. Due to the increasing expenses can they easily save money for themselves? The objective of my of my research is to know their money saving perception. The second objective is to know the challenges faced by them in order to save money. The third objective is to know whether they feel good and comfortable to get opportunities in saving money in the current crucial time of economic shifts. The problems on which I have worked upon are listed below: To know the opinions and the insights of youngsters towards savings as to what is their perception regarding it? What are the reasons they come across that dont let them to save money? Does saving leads them to become materialistic or gaining power is their desire? Can their savings provide support to the economy? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This research would really be helpful for the people who are working for the youth of Pakistan especially. Moreover, the Banks and other financial institutions can get advantage through it because these entities are now focusing youth and inviting the youth to save more and more for their future, for the country and for the humanity as a whole. Moreover, the saving schemes can also get advantage through this to know the behavior of the youth towards these campaigns. Since this research covers the perception of youngsters, related to their saving practices, so they will get to know their opinions, their requirements, their point of views and their insights towards saving. SCOPE: The scope of this research is prospecting. It will help us to know the beliefs of youngsters aging from 18 to 26 years. This is the age limit for the respondent that was positioned. Many banks are now working to improve and make better educational programs for the youngsters which will affect them when they would become young adults. The reason for these programs is to create awareness among the people and to help them in establishing themselves. LIMITATIONS: While working for this research, I got to know that most of the respondents have made up their minds to go abroad and work their instead of being a part of their country and strive for it. Some of them are more inclined to depart from here and grab the opportunities to settle abroad due to having more chances to make them able and prove themselves competent. Many of them have got negative views for saving money. In order to have the correct balance of the sample, I came about some problems in finding the actual respondent level. The time period was limited and the survey size was small which would have affected the results. Some of the respondents were uncomfortable to share their information in their information in the questionnaire which also affected the results. The results of youngsters saving perception are not totally representative. Since it contains the replies of limited people so the results are dependent on it. DELIMITATIONS: Some of the delimitations of the study are s follows: The perception of the youngsters with regard to saving may change in future Due to access of new technology and other attractions for the youth they are likely spend money even if they plan to save it. DEFINITIONS: Perception: Youngsters: It includes youngsters aging form 18 to who have enough knowledge of how to save money. CHAPTER # 2 Chapter 2: Research Method and Procedures Introduction of the chapter: Chapter two of the study starts with the research design that describes the central part of the thesis. This chapter then includes research methods which explain the nature of the study conducted, after this it includes the respondents of the study which are the people who responds to the queries asked. After this comes the research instruments which are the tools needed to conduct the research. Then the sources of data which are the means through which we can get appropriate data for the study and to get actual results. Research design: The research design shows the type of research conducted. The type of research carried out here is causal in nature. In the causal research the relationship is proves with respect to the relationship with the variables. The reason to use this kind of research is to know the perception, behavior and insights of the youngsters towards money saving. For this certain interviews and surveys were prepared. Research methods: The study was carried out through both the primary and secondary data collection methods. The study conducted was causal research. From the primary data collection method, quantitative and qualitative study was conducted to present in the numeric form on the basis of opinions and survey conducted through the questionnaire from the respondents. As far as secondary method is concerned, internet and other publications were used to complete the study. Respondents of the study: The primary respondents of the study were the young adults who filled the questionnaire to let us know their opinions and perceptions and apart from this, the interviews conducted from bank managers also come under our primary respondents. Moreover, I did conduct one in-depth interview. It was conducted in such a manner that the six people were in the group having the age bracket between the ages 18 to 26. They discussed their issues and perceptions in detail. Sample: Random sampling was done among the young adults under the age bracket of 18 to 26 years of age. The respondents could be from high school, college, university or any other level. The main reason to select this age is to know their money saving perception and to know what their opinion is regarding different factors that motivate them to save money. A total of 105 respondents were taken on to account for the survey. The sample size was 105. Research instruments: The research instruments are basically the tools needed to conduct the study which eventually helps the researcher to get the prior and appropriate data according to his or her preferences. The tool used in this study is the usage of a questionnaire which was filled up by the respondent who was maximum the age limit required. Sources of data: In order to complete the study the data requirement was one of the main constraints. So for the completion I had to conduct survey from the youngsters aging 18 to 26. Moreover, different articles, books and internet links were the sources of data. Apart from this interviews from different individuals were carried out. Treatment of data: The data collection was analyzed through the statistical tool of SPSS. Along with this bar charts and graphs are used to clearly discover the differences. CHAPTER # 3 Chapter Three: Review of Related Literature and Review INTRODUCTION OF THE CHAPTER: In this chapter, review of all the related writings is considered. Here these writings are summarized and explained. In this chapter, local and foreign literature is included. In the local literature, reviews of the writers are written along with the sources from where they have been extracted which belongs to the local writers. In the foreign literature, reviews are added of the foreign writers. RELATED LITERATURE: It contains the reviews and other theories that supports the topic and tell about the pros and cons of the study through the research conducted by the researchers previously. FOREIGN LITERATURE: Money, money, money how do attitudes toward money impact vanity and materialism? the case of young Chinese consumers 4 A study was conducted in China among the young and the main reason to conduct the research was to know their perception regarding the money and what are the main factors that led them to save money. It is very important now to know the perception of the youth because it helps he strategists and other marketers to shape strategies for them to help them get the best out of life and provide opportunities to them by providing a platform. Through this research paper the author wanted to know the increased materialism among the youth of China. The factors outlined in the research paper were power and prestige, anxiety and distrust. These are some of the motivational factors that motivate the youth to save money. It stimulates them and encourages them to think about money saving. The power and prestige factor explains that the youth save money and would like to have it because it provides them a sense of authority and they feel reputed and classy. The other factor is the anxiety factor that relates that people who dont have enough to spend money but even then they go for purchases in order to reduce their worries. They do shopping and spend their money which provides them a feeling of relief and leisure. The distrust factor explains that they are cautious when are asked to spend money for different purchases. They think several times to spend their wealth. As time is passing by the possession to keep the money among Chinese youth is increasing rapidly. They usually see the high class status people and learn from them that they should also acquire money because through having money and saving it, they would be regarded as powerful and role models for others. Apart form this recent studies show that a new subculture is emerging in China by the name of Bobo which indicates that people save money and acquire it only to become an icon which reflects their personality and where they can attain the luxuries of life easily. The Chinese youth is becoming more and more materialistic in the sense that due to modern era and coming up of new attractions in the society motivate the youth to have money and then acquire things they want. They think that if they will have enough money to spend then they would be able to purchase things of their interests. Moreover in the past, the perception was not have money for spending it on the luxuries of life but now the trend ha changed and they feel good when they spend their money on the means that make them feel happier. Apart from this other attractions to get money and save it is though the credit cards and loans provided. Different promotional campaigns can help the youth to be taught the importance of saving and having money which can assist them to take active and strong decisions as to where and how to spend their money and how they can save it for different situations.4 4Srinivas Durvasula, Steven Lysonski, (2010),Money, money, money how do attitudes toward money impact vanity and materialism? the case of young Chinese consumers, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 27 Iss: 2 pp. 169 179 According to Berti Bombi, Human Development theory states that: Children start saving money when they grow and progress. When they get the awareness and identify the advantages provided by saving money they gradually begin to save more and more. Moreover, during their growth stage, they come across biological, psychological and cognitive stages that let them learn to save, which helps them to get the clear concept of saving money5 (Berti Bombi, 1988 ; Strauss, 1952) http://csd.wustl.edu/Publications/Documents/WP12-23.pdf 5 Saving for the Future- Trends, Patterns and Decision-Making Processes among Young Americans6 The personal savings rate has been dilapidated very rapidly in the U.S. Due to the recessionary period, the situation is becoming worse day by day. People there are in debts and it has become very difficult for them to pay off. Because of this, now extreme attention is being given to the young generation of US. They are being encouraged to save money and accumulate it for their bright future. One of the main costs is for the expenses incurred by the college tuitions. The financial highlights previews that it has now become very difficult for the people to cope up with financial catastrophe around. Some years back, people used to save money mainly to fulfill their necessities, but now the trend is changing. Apart from this much other responsibilities have emerged that include the repayment of credit card bills, tuition fees etc. But people cant help themselves to swallow this bitter truth that whatsoever be the result, they have to undergo through such period where there is so much of difficulty and complications. Keeping in mind the existent trend, the young generation should be aware of the consequences and should get a lesson from it. They should be taught to save money for their present and ultimately future for a better and enhanced outlook of life. In this piece of the literature, it points out to the three main objectives for conducting the research. Firstly the form of the savings done by the young adults, secondly how do they do it, and thirdly, what policies could be implemented for the young adults to help them understand the financial knowledge and encourage them to save more money. According to some of the findings, it was seen that young adults are more into debt than the income they get. The reason for this is the attractions that let them to spend money. They focus on their wants additionally rather than controlling themselves to spend money. They have little control over things to spend money on. It was also found that the young adults had to go through the decision making process where they have experience the five phases of decision making. As time passes by, the need of these young adults arises which inquires for more accounts to buildup their portfolio. The vigor to have more money and accounts for it remains same, but as time surpasses the characteristics or the performance progresses. According to this literature it states that, many of the facts are available from those young adults who have already saved money, but there is no or less data available of young adults that show the challenges they face when thy have to do the money savings. In order to educate the young adults proper training should be provided to them and it is very important at this point in time. It would require uphill effort to instruct them. The larger entity and other financial bodies should pay attention to it to provide counseling to the young adult and to encourage them to save money for their better future. 6Sarah Outcault, (June 2012); Saving for the Future- Trends, Patterns and Decision-Making Processes among Young Americans, Pardee RAND Graduate School Testing an Asset-Building Approach for Young People-Early Access to Savings Predicts Later Savings7 The literature includes three parts. Firstly it includes the young peoples saving behavior towards the asset management practice. Young people are less knowledgeable regarding the strategies promoted for enhancing the asset management. Second part of the literature talk about the behavior of young people savings with regard to the models and concepts presented by the authors earlier. Mainly the neo classical theory, economic socialization theory and institutional models are quoted. Third part of the literature proves whether the money saving practices adopted by the parents in the adolescent brings out better results or when the money saving programs are in touched later in life or when time in need. For the most part the low income households behavior was analyzed. Economic socialization theory talks about that if parents teach their children the money saving pattern, then eventually by their warmth and attention the children would be benefited in the later stages of life. They will have more information, more benefit and more opportunities. If parental attention towards letting child save money by giving them allowances and becoming a role model or an example for them, then they will also adopt the behavior parents commit which will eventually help them shaping their lives. It is stated that if young adults are taught to save money from their younger ages, it would not only improve their habit of saving but they will also be aware of the financial information and other concepts and programs that can help them save money for their future. Institutional model relates that if young people are made conscious of the external facilities at the earlier stages of life like money saving programs, services and products then they will also become good de cision makers of their future. From the literature it was sorted out that young adults, who are emotionally involved with their parents with regard to adoption of money saving behavior, are more experienced and know the inns and outs of it. Apart from this asset management techniques are also well learnt by those young adults whose parents are involved in it and explain to their children about it. Young adults having saving accounts can accumulate more wealth when they have appropriate knowledge about it and other products and programs if transferred to them accordingly can bring a positive impact for them. 7Terri Friedline, William Elliott, Gina Chowa, (2012), Testing an Asset-Building Approach for Young People-Early Access to Savings Predicts Later Savings, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, CSD Working Papers No. 12-12 Contributions of Qualitative Research to Understanding Saving Theory for Children and Youth 8 U.S and world is paying more attention towards Asset-Based programs. The main purpose of these programs is to encourage financial security and to offer positive effects throughout the life of person. But very little or no attention was paid towards childrens saving and the effects of saving for youth and children in this regard. There are many reasons of the importance of asset accumulation for children. Some of the reasons include the saving in childhood is of longer period of time which can be invested as well as can provide greater financial return even if the amount is smaller and these returns are likely to help the children in their education as the cost of tertiary education have increased and shifted to parents and students. Second, the process of asset accumulation in early childhood helps in child development. Third, these practices not only help the children to understand complex financial knowledge and skills but also shape their money management skills. Above all it provides the security for their future needs especially educational needs. There are several theories that provide insights on process and effects of money savings on children. These theories include human development, structural approach, socialization, behavioral economics, and institutional theory. According to the development theory young children are capable of understanding and know that saving is beneficial for them. Childrens cognitive abilities, increases during transitory period from childhood to adulthood but socialization increases form exposure and encouragement to gain knowledge about the financial world. Moreover behavioral economist suggests that vigilant design of financial services and products can increase the chances of making good financial choices regardless of individual characteristics. This paper sheds the light on how children saving are being affected by these theories and examines the evidence to understand the effect and relationship between childrens age and economic socialization. This articles aim was to contribute to saving theory for youth and children by using qualitative studies of three different Child Development Accounts. These accounts provide the opportunity to accumulate savings for the benefit of child. These accounts include, I Can Save a college saving program in school for elementary age children, Opportunity Passport program which provides incentivized saving account, and SEED for Oklahoma Kids, a randomize experiment of incentivized saving plan for children at birth. 1st study explored that most of the children who participated in ICS program belong to the families whose average educational level was 11th grade and reported family income were below $25000 despite the fact that the school where the research took place was racially and economically diverse. 2nd program study (Opportunity Passport) was developed by Jim Casey Youth Opportunities (JCYO) a part of JCYO Initiatives 2009 program for whole country. The participants of this study had received training in financial literacy and upon completion of training, they were provided with an Individual Development Account and a Checking Account. The participants were aged14-24 years and vary from site by site among all four sites. The 3rd study was the large-scale study of universal Child Development Account with randomly selected babies born in Oklahoma in 2007 an experiment known as The Seed for Oklahoma Kid (SEED OK). This study also reveals that most of the families who save more were having a reported income of less than $30,000 and were African Americans. All these three studies had common theme and differences and paying particular attention we could learn about savings of different age of people. Moreover these studies can also provide the insights of how people of different age group think about saving. The ability of participants was affected by circumstances and individual characteristics as described in three studies. Their savings abilities were also affected by some institutional factors. Individual level factors reveal that ICS participants had very low understanding of financial matters because of their elementary age but they were excited about learning it whereas in OP most of the participants had better understanding of money as compare to younger children. Despite having limited income they were engage in much higher level of saving participation for their future needs. On the contrary, looking back to their childhood, younger children in OP and mothers in SEED OK had not learn about how to save during their transitional age towards adulthood. And because of that in OP young children had receive no or little guidance in money management and savings from their families. Although the participants and their families learnt about saving and money management during those studies but they also identified some obstacle to saving. These obstacles include low income, high expenses, and low support in all three studies. Moreover they also identified some institutional factors as bad experience with financial institutions which also hindered them to save. These studies found that the participant appreciated the incentives given to them for savings and had influenced them to save more and pay attention towards money management. Moreover the restricted access to their accounts forced them to save although they didnt like it. That means incentives can take youth and their families towards saving. Effects Of Saving The participants of all three studies discussed their perceived effect of savings on their lives. In all three studies participants positively accepted savings but it can be tempered according to their need and desire. Some of the effects they discussed include enhanced understanding of saving services and product and its use, Savings provides positive vision of future and sense of security, improved financial skills and knowledge as they received training of financial skills and money management during Opportunity Passport program. Moreover participant provided improved understanding between future education and savings. They used their IDA accounts to pay their educational expenses or to purchase attainable assets (e.g. Laptops etc.) These studies show that some program features have greater impact on savings depending on development stage and age group. Foster youth perceived it more positively than other groups as they face greater challenges as, higher poverty, more prior negative banking experience tenuous relationship with family. They appreciate the financial boost provided by OP program. But at the same time they required more guidance about saving and money management and the restrictions helped them to understand development task and importance of accumulation some saving. Study showed that they need more ways to generate money to deposit in to CDAs. The U.S. internationally has never been quicker in moving towards electronic and cell-phone based financial services. Moving towards it and making innovation in it may encourage youth and children to save more. Moreover, children and youth should pay more attention in accordance with their development stage. Saving campaign and information can be designed in a way that appeals particular age groups. As OP youth and mother of toddlers in SEED OK articulated frustration and difficulties in meeting immediate expenses programs shall be made to overcome these obstacles. 8Margaret Sherraden , Clark Peters, Kristen Wagner , Margaret Clancy , Baorong Guo (2012)- Contributions of Qualitative Research to Understanding Saving Theory for Children and Youth , University of Kansas School of Social Welfare and the Center for Social Development at the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, CSD Working Papers No. 12-23 Areas further studies: The areas of further studies are to know that whether youngsters will be motivated if they would be provided with some educational campaigns regarding it. Will they save money for there futures keeping in mind the crucial economic downturns? They should help the country as well by saving money and investing it in areas where the country get benefit as well the person himself. Variables: Independent: Income level, economic shift, prom campaigns Dependent variable: Purchasing power, word of mouth, HYPO: Youngsters who save money learn more patience Youngsters who save money for their education Youngsters get the motivation to save the money from their parents Among youngsters reasons for saving less money are increased expenses Youngsters feel that in the current economic situation they can get more opportunities to save money youngsters who think saving money is beneficial REC: INSTAED OF BRANSHCES, MAKE A SECTIONFOR TAREGTING THE YOUNSGTERS AND PROMOTE THEM TO CREATE AEARENESà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ THEY SHOULD GO TO C=SCHOOLS, UNI CONDUT ROAD SHOWS. TEACH THEM HOW TO SAVE FROM EARLY SATGESà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ TEACH THEM HOW TO COPE WITH THE RECESSIONARY PERIOD. AND HOW TO MAKE BUGET AND MAKE FINANCIAL.THIS WILL HELP THEM TO BE INDEPENEN. THORUGH THIS THEIR COMMUNICATIIN SKILLLS WOULD ALSO INCREASE. THERE IS S MUCH POENTIAL AMONG YUNGSTERS, BUT SINCE NO PROPER PLAFORM IS BEING PROVIDE TO THEM SO THEY ARE EFT BEHIND. IT S ENGROSSED WITH THE TALENT. THEY SSHOULD BE MOTIVATED AND ENCOURAGED.